On December 23, 2013, a list of the top 10 phrases and topics on the Internet in 2013 was released by baike.com, the largest online Chineselanguage encyclopedia, in conjunction with the Chinese Culture Promotion Society, Dictation Assembly of Chinese Characters and some members of the media. Looking to give a retrospective of the important issues and social landscape of the past year, the phrases were chosen according to the amount they had been used by netizens throughout the year. Baike.com in conjunction with other institutions has released the annual list since 2009. "A huge number of new words and phrases are emerging every day. They can provide us with a mirror, reflecting the opinions and emotions of the people and showing their attitude toward events and life. Through sharing the most popular online words and phrases, we strive to give a clear recording of our time," said a Baike.com spokesperson.

1. Zhongguo Meng (Chinese Dream)

Zhongguo Meng, or the Chinese Dream, was put forth by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. With its core being to realize national revival for China, its basic premise is to build a rich and strong country, and create a better life for Chinese people. It represents the new government's determination in building a prosperous, democratic and harmonious modern socialist country.

The Chinese Dream grants people equal rights to career opportunities, and to realize their dreams and share the achievements of the country. As a result, this phrase was discussed and mentioned repeatedly on the Internet.

2. Tuhao

In 2013, "tuhao" swept the whole nation, becoming a popular part of the modern Chinese vernacular. It originally referred to tyrannical landlords who were rich and powerful, but acted cruelly against the average people when China was still a feudal society. Today, it is used as slightly mocking nickname for those who are rich but uncultured. In September, two trends kicked off online: Make friends with tuhao and write poems for tuhao. These online jokes contributed to the ubiquity of the phrase.

According to sociologists, the resurgence of the word tuhao is an outcome of China's social stratification.

Tuhao is a label for a new social group in China, the nouveau riche. Now it has changed from a politically-charged insult, into a phrase which provides a true picture of China's existing gap between rich and poor.

3. Wumai

At the beginning of 2013, wumai, or smog, plagued many of China's cities. After winter came, it occurred in Harbin in northeast China and Shanghai, Hangzhou and Nanjing in east China, spreading across the whole nation from north to south.

Warnings came one after another, and people in the affected areas found themselves unable to see the sky. Along with the weather, the haze became a heated topic across the country.

Netizens joked about the bad environment they were living in, and went on to create series of derivative phrases such as "haze subsidy" and "haze ticket."

Only slightly more than 1 percent of China's top 500 cities meet the air quality standards set by the World Health Organization. Seven of the world's 10 most polluted cities are in China. This situation is making Chinese people worried.

4. Zhongguo Dama

In early 2013, Zhongguo dama, which refers to China's bargain-hunting middle-aged women, blew up when The Wall Street Journal noted an increasing number of Chinese women who took advantage of the gold price falls in the global market.

The dama were one of the busiest groups back in 2013. After buying enormous amount of gold at home, they even traveled abroad to buy real estate. Their passionate square dancing also caught a flood of attention when Chinese women dancing in New York 's Sunset Park found themselves cuffed by the police for causing public disorder.

5. Dandu Erhai

The phrase means having a second child if one of the parents doesn't have siblings.

On November 15, the Chinese Government further relaxed its birth control policy at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. The policy allowed families to have two children if one of the parents is an only child.

In China, about 20 million families meet the requirement. However, many of the parents said they were happy to have the right, but they were not sure whether they would take advantage of it, as the rising costs of child care may make taking care of more than one bundle of joy too much of a burden.

6. Snowden

Edward Joseph Snowden, a former contractor for the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), disclosed classified NSA documents to several media outlets, which revealed the details of a global surveillance network operated by the United States working in conjunction with its intelligence allies. As soon as the release, he became a focus of much global attention and rapidly became something of a modern folk hero.

7. Bitcoin

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer payment network and digital currency created in 2009 on the premise of creating a new currency without a central governing body that was free from financial institutions and subject only to market forces. In 2013, bitcoin swept the whole world when it saw a massive surge in value from January to April, hitting an intra-day high of $266, and then experienced a collapse to $105. In November however, it surged again, eventually reaching an all-time high of $1,000.

Currently, only Germany has approved of its status as money in law and tax, with other countries refusing to recognize it as a legitimate currency. After its rapid rise and drop in price, many countries have warned their citizens against trading in bitcoin.

8. Chang'e-3

On December 14, the Chinese lunar probe Chang'e-3 successfully landed on the moon. Later, the accompanying lunar rover Yutu, meaning jade rabbit, separated from the lander and set out on its adventures on the moon's surface.

This success made China the third country, after the United States and the former Soviet Union, to successfully achieve a soft-landing on the moon.

9. Fangjie

Gong Aiai, a woman from Shenmu County of north China's Shaanxi Province, was found to possess more than 40 properties in Beijing. This news shocked the whole country, with a large number of people complaining about the surging housing prices. As a result, she quickly earned the nickname fangjie, meaning a woman with many properties.

She aroused the anger of the public since she forged an astonishingly large number of IDs under the strict housing limits.

10. Da Huang Ya

In 2013, Rubber Duck, spelled in Da Huang Ya in Chinese pinyin, which was created by Dutch artist Florentijn Hofman, crossed half the globe and arrived in China. In May, it appeared in Hong Kong and later arrived in Beijing, attracting many visitors during its stay in the cities.